Editing RaspberryPi:AdvancedConnectivity

[[Category:RaspberryPi]]
= Overview =
This page covers advanced connectivity options that you can use on the Raspberry Pi. While not always required, they can simplify and streamline the way you work with the Raspberry Pi.

= Setting a static IP Through Config =

Once you’ve successfully SSH’s into your Pi, it’s a good idea to configure the networking options in the config files directly.

Use a text editor such as nano to open /etc/dhcpcd.conf as sudo user, and edit it to the following:

<pre># Static IP profile for eth0
profile static_eth0
static ip_address=192.168.137.15/24
static routers=192.168.137.1
static domain_name_servers=192.168.137.1 8.8.8.8

# Ethernet interface configuration 
interface eth0
fallback static_eth0

# Wireless configuration
interface wlan0
metric 200</pre>
== Providing your Pi with wireless Internet Access ==

There are two possible methods of this that will be presented, each with it’s own advantages and disadvantages.

The first is using Ethernet passthrough from your computer to the Raspberry Pi. This leaves the WiFi free to host your own access point, and you can host services such as a Node-Red server or media center on the Pi.

The second involves connecting to a wireless network. In the example we give you, we’re only going to add a connection to Eduroam. While you could host other services on the Pi when using WiFi connectivity, it would require some access to port forwarding and other things that ICTS unfortunately won’t allow.

It is recommended that you use Ethernet pass through for the practicals.

= Using WiFi to Ethernet passthrough to give your Pi internet access =

There may be a situation in which you want your Pi to work as an access point rather than using the WiFi interface to provide the Pi with internet access. In this situation, you need to get internet access through the ethernet port. If you’re connected to Windows, you can use network sharing. Complete the following to enable network sharing:

'''Windows'''<br />


# Ensure the Pi is unplugged
# Right click on your network option in Windows taskbar
# Select “Open Network &amp; Internet Settings”, on the lower right hand side of the screen.
# Select “Change Adapted Options”
# Right click on your WiFi network and select “Properties”
# Click the “Sharing” tab, and enable the first checkbox <ref>This setting is what forces us to have to use the subnet 192.168.137.x.</ref>
# Select the Ethernet connection that your Pi will be using in the drop down box (Usually just “Ethernet”, but may be different if there are multiple Ethernet posts on your system)

[[File:Figures/windowspassthrough|frame|none|alt=|caption Using WiFi to Ethernet passthrough in Windows<span data-label="fig:windowspassthrough"></span>]]

'''Ubuntu'''<br />


# Ensure the Pi is unplugged and turned off.
# Open a terminal and run <code>nm-connection-editor</code>
# Select the wired connection you’d like to share your WiFi to
# Select the IPv4 settings tab
# Under Method, select “Shared to other computers”
# under the IP addresses, click “Add” and enter in an address of 192.168.137.1, and a netmask of 24
# Select “Save”, and close the windows
# Plug in the Pi, start an SSH session and see if you can ping google.co.za

[[File:Figures/nm-connection-editor|frame|none|alt=|caption nm-connection-editor in Ubuntu 18.10<span data-label="fig:nm-connection-editor"></span>]]

= Eduroam Connectivity =
== Raspbian Buster (Raspbian Site) ==

These instructions come from [https://www.raspberrypi.org/forums/viewtopic.php?p=1501822#p1501822 here].<br />
Unfortunately, when you use bleeding edge technology, you may end up cutting yourself. Raspbian Buster updates <code>wpa_supplicant</code> to a version that doesn’t have support for the authentication method used by Eduroam. So we need to roll back <code>wpa_supplicant</code> to an older version. Ensure your Pi has internet access through a method such as Ethernet passthrough, and run the following:

<pre>$ sudo apt-get remove wpasupplicant</pre>
Edit /etc/apt/sources.list :

<pre>$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list</pre>
And change

<pre>deb http://raspbian.raspberrypi.org/raspbian/ buster main contrib non-free rpi</pre>
to

<pre>deb http://raspbian.raspberrypi.org/raspbian/ stretch main contrib non-free rpi</pre>
Run

<pre>$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get install wpasupplicant</pre>
This will install the correct version of <code>wpa_supplicant</code>. Check that '''version 2.4''' is installed by running

<pre>$ wpa_supplicant -v</pre>
Now, change the sources file back.

<pre>$ sudo nano /etc/apt/sources.list</pre>
And edit the contents to contain

<pre>deb http://raspbian.raspberrypi.org/raspbian/ buster main contrib non-free rpi</pre>
Finally, run

<pre>$ sudo apt-get update</pre>
To update sources The correct version of <code>wpa_supplicant</code> should now be installed, and you can configure your Pi for WiFi as you would if you were using Raspbian Stretch as explained in below.

== Raspbian Stretch (Vula) ==

This section provides the instructions on how to configure the Pi to use Eduroam. It is possible to do using the GUI through VNC, but we will not cover that here.

<ol>
<li><p>SSH into your Pi.</p></li>
<li><p>Generate a hash for your password. Take note of it as it is needed in a later step</p>
<pre>    $ echo -n your_uct_password_here | iconv -t utf16le | openssl md4
    </pre></li>
<li><p>Open /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf</p>
<pre>    $ sudo nano /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf
    </pre></li>
<li><p>Edit it so it looks as follows:</p>
<pre>    ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=netdev
    update_config=1
    country=ZA

    network={
    ssid=&quot;eduroam&quot;
    key_mgmt=WPA-EAP
    identity=&quot;studentnumber@wf.uct.ac.za&quot;
    password=hash:generated_hash_from_earlier
    }
    </pre></li>
<li><p>Save the file</p></li>
<li><p>Open <code>/etc/dhcpcd.conf</code></p>
<pre>    $ sudo nano /etc/dhcpcd.conf
    </pre></li>
<li><p>Make sure the following lines are in the document:</p>
<pre>    interface wlan0
    metric 200
    </pre></li>
<li><p>Reboot your Pi</p></li>
<li><p>WiFi Generally takes a little longer to initialize than Ethernet, so give it time. You can see if it’s ready by running</p>
<pre>    $ ifconfig
    </pre>
<p>And seeing if an IPv4 address (“inet”) has been given.</p></li>
<li><p>Test your configuration by pinging from the WiFi interface:</p>
<pre>    $ ping google.com -I wlan0
    </pre></li></ol>



= Configuring the Pi to Act as an Access Point =

If you are hosting a server on the Raspberry Pi, or perhaps want to create a WiFi network for guests to connect to, the Pi can act as an access point. This guide comes from https://www.raspberrypi.org/documentation/configuration/wireless/access-point.md and https://frillip.com/using-your-raspberry-pi-3-as-a-wifi-access-point-with-hostapd/.

Note that this WiFi connection will not provide internet access by bridging the Ethernet port (that’s something else entirely), but it works well for hosting services on the Pi, such as a Node-Red server.

<ol>
<li><p>SSH into the Pi, update, and reboot to ensure updates have taken place</p>
<pre>$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
$ sudo reboot</pre></li>
<li><p>Wait for the Pi to reboot, and reconnect via SSH. Install hostapd and dnsmasq</p>
<pre>$ sudo apt-get install hostapd dnsmasq</pre></li>
<li><p>Configure a static IP in dhcpcd</p>
<pre>$ sudo nano /etc/dhcpcd.conf</pre>
<p>Adjust the contents so that the wireless interface is described as follows:</p>
<pre>interface wlan0
static ip_address=192.168.4.1/24
nohook wpa_supplicant</pre>
<p>Save and close that file, and restart the dhcp service</p>
<pre>$ sudo systemctl restart dhcpcd</pre></li>
<li><p>Run the following commands to create save the original dnsmasq, and create a new file which will be edited:</p>
<pre>$ sudo mv /etc/dnsmasq.conf /etc/dnsmasq.conf.orig
$ sudo nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf</pre>
<p>Place the following in the now open file:</p>
<pre>interface=wlan0
listen-address=192.168.4.1
dhcp-range=192.168.4.2,192.168.4.180,255.255.255.0,24h
server=8.8.8.8
domain-needed
bogus-priv</pre>
<p>Save and close the file</p></li>
<li><p>Restart the dnsmasq service</p>
<pre>$ sudo systemctl reload dnsmasq</pre></li>
<li><p>Configure hostapd. Open up the configuration file:</p>
<pre>sudo nano /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf</pre>
<p>Place the following configuration in the file. Some assumptions are made about the technical aspects of it, but these are beyond the scope of this course. Note that network name and password '''do not''' have quotes around them.</p>
<pre>interface=wlan0
driver=nl80211
ssid=TestNetwork
hw_mode=g
channel=7
ieee80211n=1
wmm_enabled=1
macaddr_acl=0
auth_algs=1
ignore_broadcast_ssid=0
wpa=2
wpa_passphrase=TestNetwork
wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
wpa_pairwise=TKIP
rsn_pairwise=CCMP</pre>
<p>Save and close the file</p></li>
<li><p>Next, the system needs to know where to find this configuration file. Open the configuration file:</p>
<pre>$ sudo nano /etc/default/hostapd</pre>
<p>Find the line with “#DAEMON_CONF” and replace it with:</p>
<pre>DAEMON_CONF=&quot;/etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf&quot;</pre>
<p>Save and close this file.</p></li>
<li><p>Now enable and start hostapd:</p>
<pre>$ sudo systemctl unmask hostapd
$ sudo systemctl enable hostapd
$ sudo systemctl start hostapd</pre></li>
<li><p>Add routing and masquerade by opening sysctl:</p>
<pre>$ sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf</pre>
<p>And uncomment this line by removing the preceding # symbol:</p>
<pre>net.ipv4.ip_forward=1</pre>
<p>Save and close the file</p></li>
<li><p>Add a masquerade, and save the iptables rule:</p>
<pre>$ sudo iptables -t nat -A  POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
$ sudo sh -c &quot;iptables-save &gt; /etc/iptables.ipv4.nat&quot;</pre></li>
<li><p>Edit /etc/rc.local and add this just above “exit 0” to install these rules on boot.</p>
<pre>$ sudo nano /etc/rc.local</pre>
<p>Place the following just above “exit 0” to install these rules on boot</p>
<pre>iptables-restore &lt; /etc/iptables.ipv4.nat</pre></li></ol>

= TTL over USB =

'''Note:''' The Pi uses 3.3V logic levels. Using a 5V logic module will permanently damage the pins.

This option allows you to use a USB to UART converter such as a FT232R or CP2102. Begin by removing the SD card, and insert it into a computer. Make the following changes on the boot partition:

cmdline.txt: add the following (on the same line)

<pre>console=serial0,115200 </pre>
config.txt

<pre>uart_enable=1
dtoverlay=pi3-disable-bt</pre>